Editorial policies

Copyright & Licensing

Authors retain copyright and the normal Version-of-Record licence is CC BY 4.0.

Default Licence

The Version of Record is normally published under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International licence (CC BY 4.0), permitting sharing, reuse, distribution, and adaptation with appropriate attribution.

Attribution and Adaptation

Reuse should identify the authors, source, and licence and indicate changes where applicable. Adaptations must not misrepresent the authors’ findings or imply endorsement. Users should cite the Version of Record so readers can locate the maintained scholarly record and any linked notices.

Third-party Rights and Permissions

Third-party material may be excluded from the article licence or carry separate terms. Authors are responsible for identifying it, obtaining permissions, and observing restrictions.

Trademarks and Other Rights

Open licensing of article content does not automatically grant rights in trademarks, privacy or publicity interests, confidential information, database rights, or material that the article identifies as subject to separate terms. Reusers are responsible for permissions outside the stated licence.

Article-specific Exceptions

Any legitimate exception to the normal CC BY 4.0 terms will be explicitly identified on the article. No exception should be inferred.